On the integration of battery electric buses into urban bus networks

Cities all around the world struggle with urban air quality due to transportation related emissions. In public transport networks, replacing internal combustion engine buses by electric provides an opportunity improve quality. Hence, many bus network operators currently ask for optimal transformation plan integrate battery into their fleet. Ideally, this also considers installation of necessary charging infrastructure ensure a fleet’s operational feasibility. Against background, we introduce integrated modeling approach determine cost-optimal, long-term, multi-period integrating networks. Our model connects central strategic and decisions. We minimize total cost ownership analyze potential reductions nitrogen oxide results base on case study real-world show that comprehensive integration is feasible economically beneficial. By analyzing impact capacities power fleet transformation, medium-power facilities combined medium-capacity batteries are superior networks low-power or high-power facilities.